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- ╥ SPACE, Page 79Race to Mars?
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- Spaceships may sail to the red planet on solar breezes
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- "For I dipt into the future, far as human eye could see. . .
- Saw the heavens fill with commerce, argosies of magic
- sails . . ."
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- -- Alfred, Lord Tennyson
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- Tennyson's 19th century vision, described in his poem
- Locksley Hall, could become 20th century reality if an
- international group of space buffs has its way. In the U.S. and
- Canada, in Europe and Asia, teams of scientists and designers
- are busily completing plans for innovative craft that will
- travel through space propelled solely by sunlight reflecting
- off their giant sails. At a meeting this fall of the
- International Astronautical Federation in Dresden, Germany, at
- least three of the ships will be picked to compete in a
- fantastic voyage: an unmanned sailing race to Mars.
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- It may smack of science fiction, but the planners are deadly
- serious. The race is being sponsored by the Christopher
- Columbus Quincentennial Jubilee Commission, which hopes to get
- the ships launched around Oct. 12, 1992, the 500th anniversary
- of the discovery of America. Among the spacecraft designers are
- former NASA and aerospace experts. And included on the
- committee that will choose the winning designs are Lieut.
- General James Abrahamson, former head of the Star Wars program,
- and former astronauts Frank Borman and John Glenn.
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- If all goes according to plan, the competition winners, each
- weighing 500 kg (1,100 lbs.) or less, will be launched by
- rocket into Earth orbit. There, high above the atmosphere, each
- will unfurl a giant sail consisting of wispy plastic coated
- with a film of aluminum. Positioned by radio signals from the
- ground, the sails will catch the gentle push of sunlight.
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- Gentle, indeed. Scientists estimate that photons of sunlight
- falling on an area the size of a football field exert a
- pressure equal to the weight of a marble. Yet in the vacuum of
- space this tiny force is sufficient to accelerate the sailship.
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- "It will be very slow," admits Emerson LaBombard, project
- director for the space sailer being developed by a U.S. team
- at the World Space Foundation in Pasadena, Calif. "In the first
- hour, we may zoom ahead and pick up a yard. In one day maybe
- 100 yards." But the acceleration would continue, ultimately
- resulting in speeds far in excess of 100,000 m.p.h. -- and
- without expending a drop of rocket fuel.
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- Increasing their velocity in Earth orbit, the spacecraft
- would spiral out from the planet, eventually swinging by the
- moon for a gravity assist that would hurl them into a
- trajectory toward Mars. Depending on their route and design,
- they could take as little as 500 days or more than 800 to reach
- the red planet.
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- The concept of a space sailing race first surfaced in Arthur
- C. Clarke's 1963 story The Wind from the Sun, about a
- seven-craft regatta to the moon. And in the mid-1970s,
- scientists at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena
- actually designed a sophisticated sailship to rendezvous with
- Halley's comet, but a NASA budget squeeze killed the project.
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- Lack of financing may also be fatal to the Mars race. The
- Jubilee Commission has placed the burden of fund raising on the
- individual teams, which must spend anywhere from $3 million to
- $15 million to complete each entry. Boosting the sailships into
- orbit is another worry; rocket launches are prohibitively
- expensive for most teams, which are desperately seeking help.
- Robert Staehle, head of the World Space Foundation, flew to
- Paris last month for a workshop with teams from Europe and
- Asia. The goal: a proposal to the European Space Agency for
- piggybacking the sailships on a 1992 Ariane rocket flight.
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- Even if the Mars race fails to come off, Staehle says, his
- group plans to fly a test sail in space, "operating on a
- shoestring, if necessary," to prove the concept of space
- sailing. Eventually, he is convinced, great sailships will ply
- the trade routes between Earth, the moon and Mars and even fly
- to the stars.
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- By Leon Jaroff. Reported by Edwin M. Reingold/Los Angeles and
- Stephen Sawicki/Boston.
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